English Toolkit

<>

24.2Conjunctive adverbs
TYPICAL ERROR We were going to go to the match, however, as it was raining, we decided to watch it on television instead.
CORRECTION We were going to go to the match; however, as it was raining, we decided to watch it on television instead.

EXPLANATION Conjunctions (from con = with and jungo = to join) join grammatical units. Coordinating conjunctions (and, but) join the same sorts of clauses (e.g. two simple sentences or two adjectival clauses). Subordinating conjunctions (because, as, if...) introduce subordinate adverbial clauses. Conjunctive adverbs are adverbs that can also fulfil a joining function. Typically, adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Conjunctive adverbs, however, join two independent clauses together, the second clause modifying the first clause in some way. Some adverbs that commonly function this way are: additionally, besides, however, contrariwise, furthermore, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, otherwise, similarly, conversely.

Because conjunctive adverbs introduce sentences that are closely related to the sentences that precede them, the use of a semicolon before conjunctive adverbs helps to imply this close relationship.

Another option is to finish the initial sentence with a full stop and then to start the new sentence with a capital letter. A comma is not appropriate - especially as sometimes the adverb could be the last word of the previous sentence.

Insert a semicolon into each of these sentences.
a
Sarah had been to see the doctor recently, nevertheless, we persuaded her to go again because she still looked unwell.

b
I would really like to attend, however, I have already volunteered to babysit for a friend.

c
No longer do we prepare our own meals, instead, we rely on fast food.

d
Travel is very beneficial because it helps to broaden our horizons, moreover, it is a critical source of revenue for many countries.

e
Laziness does not lead to fulfilment, similarly, procrastination does not lead to achievement.

Success!